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The review focused on immunisations offered as part of the UK childhood immunisation programme. Appreciation of the factors related to ethnicity that are involved in immunisation decision-making among parents from BAME backgrounds will facilitate the development of interventions that enable parents to make more informed immunisation decisions.Ī systematic review of qualitative studies was conducted to understand the factors related to ethnicity influencing childhood immunisation decisions of parents from BAME backgrounds living in the UK. The proportion of individuals from different ethnic backgrounds also differs between countries. Although BAME groups may be defined similarly in different countries, because of different patterns of immigration, they may not have the same composition. 24–26 However, we focus solely on the UK for the present review as it is difficult to compare the experiences of BAME groups across countries as their history and migration experiences will vary considerably. Lower uptake of immunisations among individuals from some minority groups is not a phenomenon limited to the UK.
![99 name of allah in gujrati language 99 name of allah in gujrati language](https://myislam.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Surah-Ala-with-Arabic-Text-and-Translation.jpg)
The present review allowed an exploration of the role of ethnicity hidden within articles whose focus was not ethnicity, as well as those whose focus was BAME groups. While we can learn from the primary research studies conducted specifically with individuals from BAME backgrounds, research has also been conducted with general population samples that include individuals from BAME backgrounds but do not comment on ethnicity. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the qualitative literature with the aim of understanding the factors associated with ethnicity that influence the immunisation decisions of parents from BAME backgrounds living in the UK. 19Ī number of reviews have provided frameworks to help us understand parents' immunisation decisions, 20–23 but none has specifically considered parents from BAME backgrounds. However, ethnic groups are not stable 18 and change with the social context, and ethnic diversity in the UK is growing. BAME groups in the UK are often considered to be those from non-White British backgrounds. Bhopal states that ethnicity is different from race, nationality, religion and migrant status, but can include facets of these factors.
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6, 7, 11, 16 A study of diphtheria immunisation coverage in London found that immunisation uptake varied by ethnicity, but no relationship exists between deprivation and coverage for most ethnic groups (apart from White British and ‘ethnicity not known’ groups), 12 suggesting that ethnicity is important in understanding uptake of immunisation, independent of deprivation.Įthnicity was defined by Bhopal in 2004 17 as a ‘multifaceted quality that refers to the group to which people belong, and/or are perceived to belong, as a result of certain shared characteristics, including geographical and ancestral origins, but particularly cultural traditions and languages’. Although low immunisation uptake is often associated with deprivation, 6, 11 ethnic differences in uptake persist even after controlling for deprivation. In addition, unprotected individuals travelling to countries where infectious diseases remain prevalent may be at risk of acquiring infection and subsequently importing it into the UK, and are vulnerable to infection acquired from unprotected family members visiting the UK from such countries. Low uptake of immunisations makes individuals living in these ethnically dense areas more vulnerable to disease. Individuals from some BAME backgrounds live in areas with high concentrations of individuals from their own ethnic group, 13–15 particularly in cities. 4–12 While herd immunity will benefit the general population, where subpopulations live apart from the general population they may not be protected if they remain unimmunised. While overall coverage of immunisations in the UK is very good, 2, 3 there is evidence that uptake of some immunisations is lower among individuals from some Black and Asian Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds. High uptake is crucial to the success of the programme, providing direct protection to vaccinated individuals and, if a sufficiently high proportion of the population is immunised, indirect protection to the unimmunised through herd immunity. 1 Additional vaccines (such as BCG) are offered selectively from birth to high-risk individuals. In the UK, the routine childhood programme offers immunisation against 17 diseases, starting when the infant is 2 months old.